The index measures happiness using indicators such as health, education, governance, environment and citizen wellbeing. Copenhagen scores high on quality of life, trust in institutions, strong welfare systems and urban design. Factors include work–life balance, access to green spaces, cycling infrastructure and social equality.

Credits: envato elements; Author: @MirkoVitali;

Other high-ranking cities were mostly European, reflecting strong public services and livability. Researchers note that happiness rankings highlight policy choices rather than individual wealth alone.