Researchers followed over 300 cases and found that those with dogs at 13 years old had fewer social, behavioural and emotional problems by age 14. The findings point to a possible microbiome-based pathway as the possible biological mechanism behind the boost in mental health.

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Saliva samples showed dog owners had distinct microbial profiles compared with non-owners. The research also suggests that everyday domestic environments, not only therapy or clinical interventions, may shape social and emotional well-being.