Since introducing free buses in 2018, Dunkirk has seen passenger numbers rise about 165 percent, with officials citing reduced traffic and pollution, evidence that is now cited in current U.S. transport debates.


About 150 buses operate on 18 routes, providing free access to around 200,000 residents seven days a week. The free transit strategy was phased in over the years, including weekend trials before full implementation. About half of the new bus riders previously used cars, indicating a shift in transportation choices. More than 45 local French authorities have adopted some form of fare-free public transport.