According to Eurostat, between 2024 and 2025, the average effective cost governments paid on public debt in EU countries either increased slightly or remained stable.

Portugal, Croatia, Estonia, Greece and Finland were the only EU countries, for which data is available, that recorded declines, ECO News reports. Estonia was down 0.8 percentage points, Croatia down 0.2 points, and the other three countries posted falls of 0.1 points.

Italy showed the highest apparent cost of gross public debt at 3 percent. France, Sweden and Finland had the second highest at 1.9 percent, followed by Germany at 1.8, the Netherlands at 1.7 percent, Luxembourg at 1.5 percent, and the lowest apparent cost of debt was recorded in Ireland with 1.4 percent.

Eurostat reports that by the end of 2025, almost all central government gross debt in each EU member state, in nominal value terms, was denominated in euros, with the share above 99.5 percent.